Findings from researchers at Stanford University, published in Nature Neuroscience September 2026, have revealed that the brain is two distinct organs, which are derived from two different biological cells.
The front and mid part of the skull contain brain tissue that originates from one type of biological cell. This expresses a gene called Otx2 and allows this part of the brain to handle higher-level thinking, language, consciousness and abstract reasoning.
The back of the skull contains the hindbrain and comes from a different biological cell. This expresses a gene called Gbx2 and is often called the brain stem. This controls automatic functions that keep us alive, from breathing, sleeping, and regulating our heartbeat and hunger urges. The neurons of the hindbrain also control the muscles of the face, tongue and throat, which affect speech and swallowing.
Researchers can now grow certain cells in a petri dish to study these devastating diseases that affect the brain stem. This includes spinal muscular atrophy, a leading genetic cause of death in children under 1 year of age, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which is often diagnosed between the ages of 40 and 70.
Sadly, In both disorders, certain hindbrain neurons gradually cease to function, and the patient loses the ability to swallow. This can cause pneumonia when food or liquid is inhaled into the lungs and eventually, patients lose the ability to breathe. Hopefully being able to study these specific cells of the brain can lead to an ability to help these patients in the future.
Dr. Liselotte Schuster is a Holistic Family Chiropractor, in practice with Nutritional Concepts since 1989. She incorporates Chiropractic care with a variety of modalities to help patients reach their full potential.